About
Allergies are the body’s overreaction to a certain substance or item that it deems as a threat. Allergens are substances that cause an allergic reaction, and can include foods, pollen, dust, latex, animal dander, and insect bites. Allergic reactions can range from minor discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Allergies are the sixth leading cause of chronic illness in the United States, and can be managed through avoidance of the allergen and sometimes with medication.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of allergies include sneezing, runny nose, itchy and watery eyes, coughing, and rashes. In more severe cases, some people may also experience wheezing and difficulty breathing.
Causes
The exact cause of allergies is not completely understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and possibly hormonal factors. Some of the known triggers include exposure to certain pollens and molds, dust mites, animal dander, and certain foods and additives. Additionally, allergies may be triggered by changes in temperature, exposure to certain chemicals and fragrances, and physical or emotional stress.
Risk factors
The risk factors for allergies include:
- Family history – having a parent or sibling with allergies increases one’s likelihood of developing allergies.
- Exposure to environmental allergens – frequent exposure to certain allergens such as dust mites, animal dander, cigarette smoke, and pollens can increase one’s risk of developing allergies.
- Age – allergies are more common in children and young adults.
- Gender – women are more likely to experience allergic reactions than men.
- Poor air quality – exposure to air pollutants can also increase one’s risk of allergies.
- Certain medications – certain medications such as antibiotics and aspirin can also increase one’s risk of developing allergies.
- Diet – eating a diet high in processed and sugary foods may increase one’s risk of allergies.
Diagnosis
Allergies can be diagnosed through a physical examination, a review of your medical history, and allergy tests. Your doctor may perform a skin prick test, where a small drop of allergen is placed on the skin and observed for signs of an allergic reaction, or a blood test that measures your body’s response to specific allergens. Allergy tests are most effective for identifying allergies to pollen, dust mites, pets, and certain foods.
Sub-types
Allergies can be classified into three main subtypes:
- Type I hypersensitivity or immediate hypersensitivity reaction involves an IgE-mediated immune response to an allergen. Symptoms of this type of allergy are usually immediate and can include redness, swelling, hives, and itching.
- Type II hypersensitivity or cytotoxic hypersensitivity involve an immune response to a foreign substance. This type of allergy can cause body tissues to become damaged and is often linked to autoimmune diseases.
- Type III hypersensitivity or immune complex hypersensitivity involves an immune response to a foreign substance that is linked to antibodies and antigen-antibody complexes. Symptoms of this type of allergy involve inflammation and can include fever, rash, and joint pain.
Treatments
The treatment options for allergies depend on the type of allergy and the severity of the symptoms. Generally, the goal of treatment is to reduce the intensity and frequency of allergic reactions, and to offer relief from associated symptoms.
Common treatments for allergies include:
- Allergy medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, and corticosteroids
- Immunotherapy, such as allergy shots or drops
- Topical treatments like nose and eye drops, or skin creams and ointments
- Avoidance of known allergens
- Lifestyle changes such as improving air quality, reducing exposure to pet dander, and taking precautions against bee stings
- Nasal irrigation
- Natural remedies, including herbal supplements and homeopathic treatments.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of allergies, one should reduce their exposure to allergens in their environment by regularly vacuuming, dusting, and washing bedding and clothes in hot water. Additionally, pet dander should be minimized in the home, and smoking should be avoided. People should also be careful when selecting cleaning products, foods, and other materials, in order to ensure that they are free of potential allergens. Eating a nutritious and balanced diet, taking probiotics, and staying hydrated can also help to reduce the risk of allergies.
Gender differences?
Yes, there are gender-specific differences in the presentation and management of allergies. Women are generally more likely to experience allergic reactions than men, and some allergies are more common in women, such as food and drug allergies. Additionally, women are more likely to develop asthma and seasonal allergies than men. Women also tend to have more persistent or severe reactions, and are more likely to have allergies that increase in severity over time. When it comes to treatment, women may benefit from lower doses of medications than men, as they tend to be more sensitive to the effects of allergens.
Nutrition
Nutrition plays an important role in the management of allergies. Eating a balanced, healthy diet helps to reduce the severity of reactions to allergenic substances, as well as to reduce the risk of developing allergies. Eating a variety of whole, unprocessed foods that are high in antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber can help to reduce inflammation, boost the immune system and reduce the risk of developing allergies. Additionally, avoiding certain trigger foods and beverages that are known to be allergenic can help to reduce the risk of having an allergic reaction. Lastly, supplementing with certain vitamins and minerals, such as Vitamin D, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids can help to further improve the body’s ability to fight off allergies.
Physical Activity
Physical activity can have a positive effect on allergies. Regular physical activity increases circulation and can help clear allergens from your system. It can also reduce stress, which can worsen allergies. Additionally, regular physical activity, such as running or walking outside, can build up your immune system and help it become more resistant to allergies. Exercise can help control the symptoms of allergies by reducing mucus production and helping improve the body’s ability to fight off the allergens that cause allergic reactions.